Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u00a0(ti\u1ebfng Anh:\u00a0art_\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u1ea0t) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4n\u00a0ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\u00a0hay v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0\u00a0h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda,\u00a0\u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc,\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda in \u1ea5n,\u00a0nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c; tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed, n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c, k\u1ecbch, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, m\u00faa, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 hay c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, n\u01a1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i chung, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc (ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng), s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, trao truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc”.[2] M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt,[3][4][5] v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chung v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[6] v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong\u00a0m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc\u00a0– m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a\u00a0tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.[8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n