v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng hay cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf sinh h\u1ecdc (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec, hay truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u), t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh hay v\u00f4 tri th\u1ee9c. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u1ea5m, nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt, vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vi tr\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi-r\u00fat, viroid, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n l\u00e0 “s\u1ed1ng” v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh. Sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Hi\u1ec7n nay sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 vi-r\u00fat. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a “s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng” v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; Thuy\u1ebft k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb, ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n; V\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn, cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng” ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t “tia l\u1eeda”. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft Gaia, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a To\u00e1n sinh h\u1ecdc. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (Abiogenesis) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 sinh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m nhu c\u1ea7u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4.28 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngay sau s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4.41 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t 4.54 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.[1][2][3][4] S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u1ea5i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o RNA, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o RNA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tin v\u00e0o th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Miller\u2013Urey. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2016, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 355 gien tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft: LUCA).[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb thu\u1edf s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo\u00a0th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n, m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i\u00a0vi sinh v\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Extremophile (vi sinh ch\u1ecbu c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n), nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n