kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ef1 do, theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do so v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo Oxford English Dictionary, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 “th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn; \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do”.[1] Trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ef1 do bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.[2] Trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a “t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian”.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00f3i chung, t\u1ef1 do \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 do trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft, l\u00e0m theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m; trong khi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. H\u1ecd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7) x\u00e9t trong m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm th\u1ebf chi ph\u1ed1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n nhau.[5][6][7][8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh\u00a0On Liberty,\u00a0John Stuart Mill\u00a0l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do (theo m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do (theo m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c). Mill c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a “b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1edfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” v\u00e0 theo m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u00ec Mill m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”.[9]\u00a0“K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do” (Randy Gage)[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n