\u0218tiin\u021ba\u00a0(din cuv\u00e2ntul latin\u00a0scientia, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ecunoa\u0219tere\u201d)[1]\u00a0este un sistem ordonat de cuno\u0219tin\u021be structurate care studiaz\u0103, cerceteaz\u0103 \u0219i interpreteaz\u0103 fenomenele naturale, sociale \u0219i artificiale.[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cele mai vechi r\u0103d\u0103cini ale \u0219tiin\u021bei pot fi urm\u0103rite \u00een Egiptul Antic \u0219i Mesopotamia \u00een jurul anilor 3500-3000 \u00ee.Hr.[3][4] Contribu\u021biile lor la matematic\u0103, astronomie \u0219i medicin\u0103 au modelat filosofia natural\u0103 greac\u0103 a antichit\u0103\u021bii clasice, prin care s-au f\u0103cut \u00eencerc\u0103ri formale de a oferi explica\u021bii ale evenimentelor din lumea fizic\u0103 bazate pe cauze naturale.[3][4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dup\u0103 c\u0103derea Imperiului Roman de Apus, cuno\u0219tin\u021bele despre concep\u021biile grece\u0219ti ale lumii s-au deteriorat \u00een Europa de Vest \u00een primele secole (400 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1000 d.Hr.) din Evul Mediu, [5] dar au fost p\u0103strate \u00een lumea musulman\u0103 \u00een timpul epocii de aur islamice.[6] Recuperarea \u0219i asimilarea operelor grece\u0219ti \u0219i a cercet\u0103rilor islamice \u00een Europa de Vest din secolele X-XIII au re\u00eenviat \u201efilosofia natural\u0103\u201d,[5][7] care a fost ulterior transformat\u0103 de Revolu\u021bia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 ce a \u00eenceput \u00een secolul al XVI-lea,[8] deoarece ideile \u0219i descoperirile noi s-au \u00eendep\u0103rtat de concep\u021biile \u0219i tradi\u021biile grece\u0219ti anterioare.[8][9][10][11][12] Metoda \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a jucat cur\u00e2nd un rol mai important \u00een crearea de cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i abia din secolul al XIX-lea multe dintre caracteristicile institu\u021bionale \u0219i profesionale ale \u0219tiin\u021bei au \u00eenceput s\u0103 prind\u0103 contur,[13][14][15] \u00eempreun\u0103 cu schimbarea \u201efilosofiei naturale\u201d \u00een \u201e\u0219tiin\u021be naturale\u201d.[16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0218tiin\u021ba modern\u0103 este de obicei \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een trei ramuri majore care constau \u00een: \u0219tiin\u021bele naturii (de exemplu, biologie, chimie \u0219i fizic\u0103), care studiaz\u0103 natura \u00een sensul cel mai larg; \u0219tiin\u021bele sociale (de exemplu, economie, psihologie \u0219i sociologie), care studiaz\u0103 indivizi \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bi; \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bele formale (de exemplu, logic\u0103, matematic\u0103 \u0219i informatic\u0103 teoretic\u0103), care studiaz\u0103 concepte abstracte. Exist\u0103 un dezacord [17][18] dac\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bele formale constituie de fapt o \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, \u00eentruc\u00e2t nu se bazeaz\u0103 pe dovezi empirice.[19] Disciplinele care folosesc cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u0219tiin\u021bifice existente \u00een scopuri practice, precum ingineria \u0219i medicina, sunt descrise drept \u0219tiin\u021be aplicate.[20][21][22][23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0218tiin\u021ba se bazeaz\u0103 pe\u00a0cercetare, care se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 frecvent \u00een institu\u021bii academice \u0219i de cercetare, precum \u0219i \u00een agen\u021bii \u0219i companii guvernamentale. Impactul practic al cercet\u0103rii \u0219tiin\u021bifice a dus la apari\u021bia politicilor \u0219tiin\u021bifice care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 influen\u021beze \u00eentreprinderea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 prin prioritizarea dezvolt\u0103rii produselor comerciale,\u00a0armamentelor,\u00a0\u00eengrijirii s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii\u00a0\u0219i\u00a0protec\u021biei mediului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n