Ma\u00f0ur\u00a0(fr\u00e6\u00f0iheiti:\u00a0Homo sapiens\u00a0\u201ehinn vitiborni ma\u00f0ur\u201c) er algengasta og \u00fatbreiddasta tegund\u00a0fremdard\u00fdra\u00a0\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. Helstu einkenni manna eru a\u00f0 \u00feeir ganga uppr\u00e9ttir \u00e1 tveimur f\u00f3tum og \u00feeir eru me\u00f0 afar\u00a0\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0an\u00a0og fl\u00f3kinn\u00a0heila\u00a0sem hefur gert \u00feeim kleift a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a fl\u00f3kin\u00a0verkf\u00e6ri,\u00a0tungum\u00e1l\u00a0og\u00a0menningu. Vitsmunir og frj\u00e1lsar hendur hafa leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir nota fleiri verkf\u00e6ri, og \u00ed meiri m\u00e6li, en nokkur \u00f6nnur \u00feekkt d\u00fdrategund. Menn eru s\u00e9rstaklega leiknir \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdta s\u00e9r\u00a0samskiptakerfi\u00a0til sj\u00e1lfstj\u00e1ningar og sko\u00f0anaskipta. Menn mynda\u00a0samf\u00e9l\u00f6g\u00a0og\u00a0mannleg tengsl\u00a0sem einkennast af\u00a0gildum,\u00a0venjum\u00a0og\u00a0si\u00f0um. L\u00edkt og \u00f6nnur fremdard\u00fdr eru menn forvitnir a\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfari. Forvitni og \u00e1hugi mannsins \u00e1 a\u00f0 skilja og m\u00f3ta umhverfi sitt og sk\u00fdra n\u00e1tt\u00farufyrirb\u00e6ri hafa leitt til \u00fer\u00f3unar\u00a0v\u00edsinda,\u00a0heimspeki,\u00a0tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a\u00a0og fleiri svi\u00f0a\u00a0\u00feekkingar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sumir v\u00edsindamenn mi\u00f0a upphaf mannsins vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00e6ttkv\u00edslin Homo kom fram \u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir r\u00famum 2 millj\u00f3num \u00e1ra, en almennt er heiti\u00f0 \u201ema\u00f0ur\u201c nota\u00f0 um einu manntegundina sem enn er til, Homo sapiens, sem merkir \u201evitiborni ma\u00f0urinn\u201c. Homo sapiens er talinn hafa \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00fat fr\u00e1 Homo heidelbergensis fyrir um 300.000 \u00e1rum einhvers sta\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 Horn Afr\u00edku. Hann breiddist s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fea\u00f0an \u00fat um heiminn og ruddi \u00f6\u00f0rum tegundum frummanna \u00far vegi. Lengst af \u00ed s\u00f6gu sinni hafa menn veri\u00f0 vei\u00f0imenn og safnarar en \u00ed N\u00fdsteinaldarbyltingunni, sem h\u00f3fst \u00ed Su\u00f0vestur-As\u00edu fyrir um 13.000 \u00e1rum t\u00f3ku menn upp landb\u00fana\u00f0 og fasta b\u00fasetu. \u00deegar samf\u00e9l\u00f6g manna st\u00e6kku\u00f0u ur\u00f0u til fl\u00f3knari stj\u00f3rnkerfi og si\u00f0menningarsamf\u00e9l\u00f6g risu og hnigu. Mannkyni hefur fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugt og telur n\u00fa (2021) n\u00e6stum 8 milljar\u00f0a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ileg fj\u00f6lbreytni mannkyns r\u00e6\u00f0st me\u00f0al annars af erf\u00f0av\u00edsum og umhverfi. \u00de\u00f3tt einstaklingar geti veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edkir hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar \u00fatlit, l\u00edkamsst\u00e6r\u00f0 og fleira, eru 99% af erf\u00f0av\u00edsum manna \u00feeir s\u00f6mu. Mestu erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu fj\u00f6lbreytni manna er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed Afr\u00edku. Menn s\u00fdna tv\u00edbreytni og \u00fer\u00f3a kyneinkenni vi\u00f0 kyn\u00feroska sem ver\u00f0a grundv\u00f6llur flokkunar f\u00f3lks \u00ed karla og konur. Konur geta or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00e9ttar og ganga gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ahv\u00f6rf og ver\u00f0a \u00f3frj\u00f3ar um 50 \u00e1ra aldur. F\u00e6\u00f0ing barna er konum mj\u00f6g erfi\u00f0 og h\u00e6ttuleg. B\u00f6rn manna eru algerlega h\u00e1\u00f0 um\u00f6nnun vi\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0ingu. B\u00e6\u00f0i karlar og konur annast b\u00f6rnin a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i, en hef\u00f0bundin kynhlutverk eru mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edk eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a samf\u00e9l\u00f6g eiga \u00ed hlut og taka auk \u00feess s\u00edfelldum breytingum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Menn eru al\u00e6tur og f\u00e1 n\u00e6ringu \u00far mj\u00f6g fj\u00f6lbreyttri f\u00e6\u00f0u \u00far d\u00fdra-, jurta- og sveppar\u00edkinu. Allt fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum Homo erectus hefur ma\u00f0urinn geta\u00f0 kveikt eld og matreitt f\u00e6\u00f0u s\u00edna. Mennirnir eru eina d\u00fdrategundin sem kann a\u00f0 kveikja eld, sem matrei\u00f0ir f\u00e6\u00f0u s\u00edna, kl\u00e6\u00f0ir sig og notar \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar t\u00e6knilegar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 lifa af. Menn geta lifa\u00f0 allt a\u00f0 \u00e1tta vikur \u00e1n matar og \u00ferj\u00e1 til fj\u00f3ra daga \u00e1n vatns. Menn eru a\u00f0 mestu dagd\u00fdr og sofa a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i sj\u00f6 til n\u00edu t\u00edma \u00e1 s\u00f3larhring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Framheilab\u00f6rkur\u00a0mannsheilans, s\u00e1 hluti heilans sem tengist\u00a0hugr\u00e6nni getu, er st\u00f3r og \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ur. Menn b\u00faa yfir mikilli\u00a0greind,\u00a0atbur\u00f0aminni,\u00a0sj\u00e1lfsvitund\u00a0og\u00a0hugarkenningu.\u00a0Mannshugurinn\u00a0er f\u00e6r um\u00a0inns\u00e6i,\u00a0hugsun,\u00a0\u00edmyndun,\u00a0vilja\u00a0og\u00a0tilvistarhugmyndir. \u00deetta hefur gert manninum kleyft a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00a0t\u00e6kni\u00a0me\u00f0\u00a0r\u00f6klei\u00f0slu\u00a0og flutningi og upps\u00f6fnun \u00feekkingar milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a. Tungum\u00e1l,\u00a0list\u00a0og\u00a0vi\u00f0skipti\u00a0eru me\u00f0al \u00feess sem einkennir manninn. Samskipti f\u00f3lks \u00e1\u00a0vi\u00f0skiptalei\u00f0um\u00a0hafa breitt \u00fat\u00a0atferli\u00a0og \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i sem veita f\u00f3lki hlutfallslega yfirbur\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00edfsbar\u00e1ttunni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n